Copyright by Robert C. Rogers and the Mississippi Baptist Convention Board.

    One the most significant social changes among Mississippi Baptists after the Civil War was the racial segregation of churches. Before the war, African people who were enslaved constituted a substantial portion of Mississippi Baptist congregations, as I have discussed in previous blog posts. In the decade after the war, Black Baptists gradually celebrated their new freedom by separating into independent, self-governing churches. In some areas this happened suddenly, and in other areas of the state it was more gradual. The First Baptist Church of Clinton, for example, had a membership of 283 in 1860, including 113 Black members. In 1866, with the absence of college students and withdrawal of Black members, the Clinton church was reduced to 36 members, and worship was only held once a month, led by a pastor from Raymond. In 1864, Jerusalem Baptist Church had 65 Black members, but all of them were gone by 1866. Bethesda Church in Hinds County agreed in 1867 to allow Black members to hold a separate revival meeting, and later in the same year the church granted the following request: “The colored members signified a desire to withdraw from the church to organize an independent church and asked permission for the use of the church house one sabbath each month.” Likewise, Black members of Academy Baptist Church in Tippah County met separately after the war, and had a Black preacher, but used the Academy church building until the 1870s. Charles Moore, a preacher who had been enslaved, expressed the common desire of Black Baptists after the war, “I didn’t expect nothing out of freedom excepting peace and happiness and the right to go my way as I please. And that is the way the Almighty wants it.”¹  

     In other areas, Black members continued to worship alongside Whites in the same churches for a decade or more. Ebenezer Baptist Church in Amite County continued to refer to “colored” members frequently through 1874, and then there was one more mention in 1877 of a “colored” member who asked to be restored so that he could join New Hope Baptist Church. Although most churches remained integrated for several years, tensions began to arise, sometimes fueled by resentment over events of the war. For instance, in September 1865, five months after the war ended, “Eliza a colored woman” joined Sarepta Baptist Church in Franklin County by her experience of faith, and “it was moved and seconded that the right hand of fellowship be extended which was done with the exception of one brother who refused to give the right hand of fellowship to the colored woman Eliza.”²

     Despite this occasional White resentment, most White Baptist leaders expressed goodwill to Black Baptists. In 1870, Salem Baptist Association in Jasper County recommended that if Black members “wish to form churches of their own, that they should be dismissed in order and assisted in doing so, but where they wish to remain with us as heretofore and are orderly, we think they should be allowed to do so.” Black membership in Salem Association declined from 206 in 1865 to 122 in 1870. As late as 1872, 81 Black people continued to worship in biracial churches in the association, and Black people continued in the records of Fellowship Baptist Church as late as 1876. The Mississippi Baptist Association reported 131 Black members in 1874.³

Segregation of Mississippi Baptist churches started out as a celebration of freedom for Black people, but by the 1890s, it had also become an expectation of Whites. The Mississippi Baptist Convention assumed that their churches were made up of White members only. For instance, the 1890 state convention referred to itself as: “The Mississippi Baptist Convention… representing a denomination of 80,000 white Christians…” However, the state convention maintained friendly relations with “colored” Baptists, a term considered polite at the time. When the General Baptist Convention of Mississippi, made up of African Americans, met at the same time as the Mississippi Baptist Convention, they frequently exchanged telegrams of Christian greetings. Mississippi Baptist pastors frequently led Bible institutes for Black Baptist pastors and deacons, and the state convention encouraged White pastors to donate their time to teach at these institutes across the state.⁴

SOURCES:

¹ Charles E. Martin, A Heritage to Cherish: A History of First Baptist Church, Clinton, Mississippi, 1852-2002 (Nashville: Fields Publishing, Inc., 2001), 36; Randy J. Sparks, Religion in Mississippi (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2001), 139.

² Minutes, Ebenezer Church, Amite County. November 1, 1873, May 2, 1874, October 3, 1874, July 1, 1877; Minutes, Sarepta Church, Franklin County, September 1865.

³ Sparks, 139-140; Minutes, Mississippi Baptist Association, 1874.

⁴ Minutes, Mississippi Baptist Convention, 1890, 31; 1891, 14; 1897, 20-21.

Dr. Rogers is the author of Mississippi Baptists: A History of Southern Baptists in the Magnolia State, which was published in 2025. You can get a copy of his book by making a donation to the Mississippi Baptist Historical Commission at the following link and telling them how many copies of the book you wish: https://mbcb.org/historicalcommission/ (Suggested donation $15).